1 About

This report is based on a model presented at the 2021 International Conference on Evolving Cities, University of Southampton, 22 – 24 September 2021.

If you are interested in how the model works start from https://dataknut.github.io/localCarbonTaxModels/

The model is similar in some respects to Evans et al (2023) Getting to net zero: Islington’s social housing stock (https://journal-buildingscities.org/articles/10.5334/bc.349) which estimated an overall cost of upgrading Islington’s social housing stock of 4500 buildings containing some 33,300 dwellings to be £1,600m.

1.1 Published versions

A paper based on this model as applied to the City of Southampton has been published in Buildings & Cities:

  • Anderson, B. (2023). A residential emissions-based carbon levy: city and neighbourhood consequences. Buildings and Cities, 4(1), pp. 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.279

1.2 Citing this report

If you wish to re-use material from this report please cite it as:

Ben Anderson (2023) Simulating a local emissions levy to fund local energy efficiency retrofit: Brighton and Hove as a case study. University of Southampton, United Kingdom

License: CC-BY

Share, adapt, give attribution.

2 Highlights

This report estimates the value of an emissions levy for Brighton and Hove using LSOA level data on emissions derived from the CREDS place-based emissions calculator. These emissions are all consumption, gas and electricity. It does this under two scenarios - a simple carbon value multiplier and a rising block tariff.

It then compares these with estimates of the cost of retrofitting EPC band dwellings D-E and F-G in each LSOA and for the whole area under study.

Key results:

Section 10 gives the overall summary of the annual £ emissions levy value and estimated retrofit costs

  • Figure 5.2 maps the LSOA level per dwelling ‘all emissions’ in Tonnes CO2e - which areas emit the most?
  • Table 6.1 shows total levy generated under Scenario 1
  • Table 6.8 shows total levy generated under Scenario 2
  • Figure 6.11 compares the scenarios in terms of % of levy generated by areas in each IMD decile while Figure 6.12 compares the levy generated under each scenario at LSOA level. In both cases, Scenario 2 should be lower in more deprived areas and higher in less deprived areas. Figure 6.11 shows whether or not this is the case
  • Table 7.1 shows total retrofit costs and Figure 7.1 shows the LSOA level retrofit costs per dwelling by IMD decile for comparison with Figure 5.1
  • Figure 9.1 shows the years to pay back under Scenario 1 for an all emissions levy while Figure 9.7 does the same for Scenario 2
  • Figure ?? shows what would happen after year 1 if the levy were shared equally across LSOAs (all emissions, Scenario 1) and Figure ?? shows the same for Scenario 2.
  • Figure 9.2 maps the years to pay under Scenario 1
  • Figure 9.12 shows payback years under each Scenario assuming a constant all emissions levy

3 Introduction

This report estimates a model of an emissions levy for Brighton and Hove using LSOA level data on emissions derived from the CREDS place-based emissions calculator.

The model applies carbon ‘values’ to a number of emissions categories to estimate the levy revenue that would be generated for each LSOA in year 1 of such a levy. It then sums these values to given an overall levy revenue estimate for the area in the case study.

The report then use estimates of the cost of retrofitting EPC band dwellings D-E and F-G together with estimates of the number of such dwellings in each of the LSOAs to calculate the likely cost of such upgrades in each LSOA and for the whole area in the case study.

Finally the report compares the distributions of the two to understand whether sufficient revenue would be generated within each LSOA to enable the per-LSOA or whole case study area costs of the energy efficiency upgrades to be met. In doing so the report also analyses the extent to which redistribution of revenue from high emissions areas (households) would be required.

It should be noted that this area level analysis uses mean emissions per household. It will therefore not capture within-LSOA heterogeneity in emissions and so will almost certainly underestimate the range of the household level emissions levy values that might be expected.

4 Data

The model uses a number of Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level datasets to analyse the patterns of emissions.

All analysis is at LSOA level. Cautions on inference from area level data apply.

## Filter: Brighton and Hove
## 
##     0     1 
## 32688   165
## Number of selected LSOAs - merged data:
## [1] 165
##    
##     Brighton and Hove
##   1               165
## Test linkage of Census 2021 data - suspect some LSOAs have changed
##    c2021_nhhs     c2021_pc_elec_ch_2021    IMDScore       pc_fuelPoor   
##  Min.   : 409.0   Min.   : 1.340        Min.   : 3.522   Min.   : 3.00  
##  1st Qu.: 618.0   1st Qu.: 4.414        1st Qu.:10.832   1st Qu.: 7.00  
##  Median : 712.0   Median : 8.186        Median :16.513   Median :10.00  
##  Mean   : 735.7   Mean   :10.696        Mean   :20.979   Mean   :10.26  
##  3rd Qu.: 843.0   3rd Qu.:15.353        3rd Qu.:28.137   3rd Qu.:13.00  
##  Max.   :1199.0   Max.   :43.779        Max.   :69.404   Max.   :22.00
## # NAs are LSOAs that didn't match - only matters to analysis using Census 2021 data on electricity central heating

4.1 Case study context

This report takes Brighton and Hove as a case study.

  • Number of households (Census 2021): 121,388
  • Number of electricity meters (2018): 127,954
  • Number of gas meters (2018): 109,405

Figure 4.1 shows the distribution of deprivation across the case study area using the IMD 2019 data.

If there are gaps in these maps then there may be LSOA level data linking errors, possibly due to name or boundary changes. We love name and boundary changes. If so the model results may be partial. #YMMV

Figure 4.1: IMD (LSOAs)

Figure 4.2 shows the distribution of fuel poverty across the case study area using the BEIS/DESNZ 2019 data.

Figure 4.2: Fuel poverty (LSOAs)

Observed EPCs - need to check bias with respect to e.g. Census data. EPCs more likely to be from new houses, rentals, re-sales (required) etc.

## Saving 7 x 5 in image
## Number of EPC coded dwellings in case study area, (Brighton and Hove) = 83211

Imputed EPCs (see logic in Section 7.1) - this corrects for numbers but not the bias in the EPC sample

## Number of imputed EPC coded dwellings in case study area, (Brighton and Hove) = 127951
##    case_study mean_MSOA_totInc
## 1:          0         43900.68
## 2:          1         44000.61

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

5 LSOA level emissions estimates

See https://www.creds.ac.uk/why-we-built-a-place-based-carbon-calculator/

“The highest carbon areas have an average per person footprint more than eight times larger than the lowest carbon areas.”

“We are not effectively targeting decarbonisation policies in high carbon areas. For example, the recently collapsed Green Homes Grants scheme provided a grant to cover 66% of the cost (up to £5,000) of retrofitting homes. For people claiming certain benefits, the cap was raised to 100% and £10,000. But the calculator shows that the big polluters are the large homes in very wealthy areas. In these neighbourhoods, the issue is not affordability but motivation. For high income households, energy costs are a small proportion of their expenditure and so the cost savings for retrofitting their home are inconsequential. As there are no policy “sticks” to incentivise action in the collective interest it is unsurprising that high carbon neighbourhoods have not prioritised decarbonisation.”

Source: https://www.carbon.place/

Notes:

  • Emissions are presented as per capita…
  • Appears to be based on residential/citizen emissions only - does not appear to include commercial/manufacturing/land use etc
Table 5.1: Summary of CREDS per capita data for LSOAs: Brighton and Hove

region

nLSOAs

mean_KgCo2ePerCap

sd_KgCo2ePerCap

South East

165

7,809.0

2,880.7

## Do we have any missing energy data?
Table 5.1: caption

LAD11NM

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

nElecMeters

nGasMeters

CREDS_total_kgco2e

CREDS_elec_kgco2e2018

CREDS_gas_kgco2e2018

CREDS_otherEnergy_kgco2e2011

CREDS_allHomeEnergy_kgco2e2011

Now we need to convert the per capita to totals and then use the number of electricity meters as a proxy for the number of dwellings

Ideally we’d have Census 2021 data but we don’t have it yet. So instead we’ll use the number of electricity meters for 2018 which aligns with the CREDS data (might be an over-estimate if a dwelling has 2…)

First check the n electricity meters logic…

##                  LSOA11NM                      WD18NM nGasMeters nElecMeters epc_total
## 1: Brighton and Hove 014E                Preston Park       1110        1234       956
## 2: Brighton and Hove 029A      Brunswick and Adelaide        901        1028       765
## 3: Brighton and Hove 029B      Brunswick and Adelaide        899         998       779
## 4: Brighton and Hove 027C St. Peter's and North Laine        897        1142      1040
## 5: Brighton and Hove 032B               East Brighton        885         946       606
## 6: Brighton and Hove 031A               East Brighton        870        1017       791
##                  LSOA11NM                      WD18NM nGasMeters nElecMeters epc_total
## 1: Brighton and Hove 032C         Rottingdean Coastal        746        1273       852
## 2: Brighton and Hove 014E                Preston Park       1110        1234       956
## 3: Brighton and Hove 030A                Queen's Park        806        1230       996
## 4: Brighton and Hove 020B                    Goldsmid        707        1183       919
## 5: Brighton and Hove 027E St. Peter's and North Laine        863        1151       906
## 6: Brighton and Hove 027C St. Peter's and North Laine        897        1142      1040
Table 5.2: LSOAs with highest number of gas meters (after cleaning)

LSOA11NM

WD18NM

nGasMeters

nElecMeters

epc_total

Brighton and Hove 014E

Preston Park

1,110

1,234

956

Brighton and Hove 029A

Brunswick and Adelaide

901

1,028

765

Brighton and Hove 029B

Brunswick and Adelaide

899

998

779

Brighton and Hove 027C

St. Peter's and North Laine

897

1,142

1,040

Brighton and Hove 032B

East Brighton

885

946

606

Brighton and Hove 031A

East Brighton

870

1,017

791

Check that the number of electricity meters reasonably correlates with the number of EPCs from the CREDS data. We would not expect the number of gas meters to correlate due to non-gas dwellings etc.

There may also be difficulties where there are multiple meters per property - e.g. one ‘standard’ and one ‘economy 7’. Really should switch to using address counts from postcode file.

Check that the assumption seems sensible…

Check for outliers - what might this indicate?

5.1 Estimate per dwelling emissions

We want to present the analysis in ‘per dwelling’ or ‘per household’ terms so we need to convert the total kg CO2e values to per dwelling values by dividing by the number of electricity meters.

## # Summary of per dwelling values
Table 5.3: Data summary
Name …[]
Number of rows 165
Number of columns 9
Key NULL
_______________________
Column type frequency:
numeric 9
________________________
Group variables None

Variable type: numeric

skim_variable n_missing complete_rate mean sd p0 p25 p50 p75 p100 hist
CREDS_total_kgco2e_pdw 0 1 18064.75 7471.72 6170.40 12989.75 16222.27 21156.72 43238.43 ▆▇▃▁▁
CREDS_gas_kgco2e2018_pdw 0 1 2192.39 696.58 756.95 1734.05 2119.63 2580.19 5238.88 ▃▇▃▁▁
CREDS_elec_kgco2e2018_pdw 0 1 951.59 160.19 604.48 842.24 928.92 1024.71 1716.19 ▂▇▂▁▁
CREDS_measuredHomeEnergy_kgco2e2018_pdw 0 1 3143.97 820.95 1361.43 2607.29 3054.14 3616.47 6795.72 ▃▇▃▁▁
CREDS_otherEnergy_kgco2e2011_pdw 0 1 71.89 93.38 0.00 27.29 41.72 66.26 643.55 ▇▁▁▁▁
CREDS_allHomeEnergy_kgco2e2018_pdw 0 1 3215.86 793.79 1585.65 2681.55 3111.56 3642.68 6820.68 ▃▇▃▁▁
CREDS_car_kgco2e2018_pdw 0 1 1603.04 626.68 340.81 1118.70 1570.73 2091.09 3176.16 ▃▇▆▅▂
CREDS_van_kgco2e2018_pdw 0 1 232.50 222.70 37.49 121.87 178.12 285.66 1774.70 ▇▁▁▁▁
CREDS_personalTransport_kgco2e2018_pdw 0 1 1835.54 704.99 378.30 1275.18 1799.43 2392.87 3493.77 ▃▇▇▆▂

Examine patterns of per dwelling emissions for sense.

5.1.1 All emissions

Figure 5.1 shows the LSOA level per dwelling ‘all emissions’ in Tonnes CO2e as estimated by the CREDS tool against the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) score and uses the size of the points to represent the % of dwellings with electric heating. Colour is used to represent the IMD decile where decile 1 is the 10% least deprived.

## Per dwelling T CO2e - all emissions
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter of LSOA level all consumption emissions per dwelling against IMD score

Figure 5.1: Scatter of LSOA level all consumption emissions per dwelling against IMD score 

## Correlation test (pwcorr)
## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$IMDScore and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_total_kgco2e_pdw
## t = -10.81, df = 163, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.7271891 -0.5474672
## sample estimates:
##     cor 
## -0.6462
## Total emissions per dwelling (LSOA level) summary
##    LSOA11CD            WD18NM                       IMD_Decile_label All_Tco2e_per_dw
##  Length:165         Length:165         6                    :25      Min.   : 6.17   
##  Class :character   Class :character   8                    :22      1st Qu.:12.99   
##  Mode  :character   Mode  :character   7                    :21      Median :16.22   
##                                        3                    :17      Mean   :18.06   
##                                        1 (10% most deprived):15      3rd Qu.:21.16   
##                                        5                    :15      Max.   :43.24   
##                                        (Other)              :50
Table 5.4: Highest emitting LSOAs (per dwelling)

LSOA11CD

WD18NM

IMD_Decile_label

All_Tco2e_per_dw

E01016983

Hove Park

10 (10% least deprived)

43.2

E01016934

Preston Park

10 (10% least deprived)

42.4

E01016984

Hove Park

10 (10% least deprived)

41.3

E01017001

Withdean

10 (10% least deprived)

39.5

E01016981

Hove Park

8

36.8

E01016939

Preston Park

10 (10% least deprived)

36.7

Table 5.4: Lowest emitting LSOAs (per dwelling)

LSOA11CD

WD18NM

IMD_Decile_label

All_Tco2e_per_dw

E01016942

Queen's Park

1 (10% most deprived)

6.2

E01016863

East Brighton

1 (10% most deprived)

6.2

E01016868

East Brighton

1 (10% most deprived)

6.9

E01016964

St. Peter's and North Laine

2

7.3

E01016947

Queen's Park

1 (10% most deprived)

7.8

E01016937

Preston Park

3

8.2

We should not be surprised that emissions are negatively correlated with deprivation. If you are, you should try reading an excellent paper by Milena Buchs and Sylke Schnepf, both formerly of the University of Southampton:

“whilst all types of emissions rise with income, low income, workless and elderly households are more likely to have high emissions from home energy than from other domains, suggesting that they may be less affected by carbon taxes on transport or total emissions. This demonstrates that fairness implications related to mitigation policies need to be examined for separate emission domains.”

With that in mind, read on.

Figure 5.2: Annual mean T CO2e per dwelling (LSOAs)

5.1.2 Home energy use

Figure 5.3 uses the same plotting method to show emissions per dwelling due to gas use.

## Per dwelling T CO2e - gas emissions
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##     757    1734    2120    2192    2580    5239
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter of LSOA level gas per dwelling emissions against IMD score

Figure 5.3: Scatter of LSOA level gas per dwelling emissions against IMD score 

## Correlation test (pwcorr)
## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$IMDScore and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_gas_kgco2e2018_pdw
## t = -8.932, df = 163, p-value = 8.513e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.6675617 -0.4608210
## sample estimates:
##        cor 
## -0.5732448

Figure 5.4 uses the same plotting method to show emissions per dwelling due to electricity use.

## Per dwelling T CO2e - elec emissions
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter of LSOA level elec per dwelling emissions against IMD score - who emits?

Figure 5.4: Scatter of LSOA level elec per dwelling emissions against IMD score - who emits? 

## Correlation test (pwcorr)
## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$IMDScore and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_elec_kgco2e2018_pdw
## t = -4.4059, df = 163, p-value = 1.903e-05
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.4562589 -0.1825292
## sample estimates:
##        cor 
## -0.3262154

Figure 5.5 uses the same plotting method to show emissions per dwelling due to other energy use. This should be higher for off-gas areas which tend to be rural areas so we also present analysis by the LSOA’s urban/rural classification.

## Per dwelling T CO2e - elec emissions
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter of LSOA level other energy per dwelling emissions against IMD score - who emits?

Figure 5.5: Scatter of LSOA level other energy per dwelling emissions against IMD score - who emits? 

## Correlation test (pwcorr)
## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$IMDScore and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_elec_kgco2e2018_pdw
## t = -4.4059, df = 163, p-value = 1.903e-05
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.4562589 -0.1825292
## sample estimates:
##        cor 
## -0.3262154
Table 5.5: Summary of per dwelling energy emissions for LSOAs by urban/rural code

RUC11

mean_gas_kgco2e

mean_elec_kgco2e

mean_other_energy_kgco2e

Urban city and town

2,192.4

951.6

71.9

Check whether all measured energy emissions combined (gas & electricity) correlate with all emissions (in this data).

## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_total_kgco2e_pdw and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_measuredHomeEnergy_kgco2e2018_pdw
## t = 17.758, df = 163, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.7524986 0.8582517
## sample estimates:
##       cor 
## 0.8119345
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

Do we see strong correlations? If so in theory we could (currently) use measured energy emissions as a proxy for total emissions.

Repeat for all home energy - includes estimates of emissions from oil etc

## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_total_kgco2e_pdw and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_allHomeEnergy_kgco2e2018_pdw
## t = 17.477, df = 163, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  0.7468427 0.8548123
## sample estimates:
##       cor 
## 0.8074876
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

How does the correlation look now?

Figure 5.6: Annual mean T CO2e due to energy use per dwelling (LSOAs)

5.1.3 Transport

We don’t expect to use this data as it is already taxed in a way that relates to emissions (?)

Figure 5.7 uses the same plotting method to show emissions per dwelling due to van use. Again, we present analysis by the LSOA’s urban/rural classification.

## Per dwelling T CO2e - car emissions
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter of LSOA level car use per dwelling emissions against IMD score

Figure 5.7: Scatter of LSOA level car use per dwelling emissions against IMD score 

## Correlation with IMD score (pwcorr)
## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$IMDScore and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_car_kgco2e2018_pdw
## t = -8.4733, df = 163, p-value = 1.344e-14
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.6507795 -0.4371249
## sample estimates:
##        cor 
## -0.5529776
Table 5.6: Summary of per dwelling transport emissions for LSOAs by urban/rural code

RUC11

mean_car_kgco2e

mean_van_kgco2e

Urban city and town

1,603.0

232.5

Figure 5.8 uses the same plotting method to show emissions per dwelling due to van use.

## Per dwelling T CO2e - van emissions
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Scatter of LSOA level van use per dwelling emissions against IMD score

Figure 5.8: Scatter of LSOA level van use per dwelling emissions against IMD score 

## Correlation with IMD score (pwcorr)
## 
##  Pearson's product-moment correlation
## 
## data:  selectedLsoasDT$IMDScore and selectedLsoasDT$CREDS_van_kgco2e2018_pdw
## t = -1.2678, df = 163, p-value = 0.2067
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -0.24785755  0.05479485
## sample estimates:
##         cor 
## -0.09881599

Figure 5.9: Mean annual T CO2e per dwelling due to transport (LSOAs)

6 Estimating the annual emissions levy

Case studies:

  • Annual carbon tax
  • Half-hourly (real time) carbon tax (not implemented) - this would only affect electricity

BEIS/ETC Carbon ‘price’

EU carbon ‘price’

BEIS Carbon ‘Value’ https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/valuing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-in-policy-appraisal/valuation-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-for-policy-appraisal-and-evaluation#annex-1-carbon-values-in-2020-prices-per-tonne-of-co2

  • based on a Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC)
  • 2021:
    • Low: £122/T
    • Central: £245/T <- use the central value for now
    • High: £367/T

Scenario 1: apply the central value Scenario 2: apply the low/central/high as a rising block tariff for each emissions source. Set threhsolds to 33% and 66% (in absence of any other guidance!)

6.1 Scenario 1: Central carbon cost

Table 6.1 below shows the overall £ GBP emissions levy total for the case study area in £M under Scenario 1.

Table 6.1: Total £m GBP levy by source (Scenario 1)

nLSOAs

All emissions

Gas

Electricity

165

539.0

66.1

29.3

Table 6.1: Total £m GBP levy by source, ordered by highest emitting ward (Scenario 1)

WD20NM

nLSOAs

All emissions

Gas

Electricity

Preston Park

9

39.7

3.9

1.5

Withdean

9

38.9

4.5

1.7

Hove Park

7

33.6

4.0

1.4

Goldsmid

9

32.7

3.5

1.8

St. Peter's and North Laine

10

30.8

3.8

2.0

Patcham

9

29.8

4.0

1.5

Rottingdean Coastal

8

29.5

4.5

1.9

Hangleton and Knoll

10

27.8

3.4

1.5

Hanover and Elm Grove

9

26.7

3.2

1.4

Queen's Park

9

24.8

3.3

1.6

Wish

6

24.0

2.7

1.1

Moulsecoomb and Bevendean

10

22.7

3.1

1.4

Brunswick and Adelaide

6

20.8

2.4

1.2

Westbourne

6

20.7

2.7

1.0

Woodingdean

6

20.4

2.6

1.1

North Portslade

7

20.2

2.1

1.0

Hollingdean and Stanmer

8

19.5

2.7

1.2

Central Hove

6

19.5

2.2

1.2

Regency

6

19.3

2.3

1.4

East Brighton

9

18.9

2.9

1.5

South Portslade

6

18.6

2.3

1.0

Table 6.1: Total £m GBP levy by source, ordered by highest emitting ward (Scenario 1)

WD20NM

nLSOAs

All emissions

Gas

Electricity

Preston Park

9

39.7

3.9

1.5

Withdean

9

38.9

4.5

1.7

Hove Park

7

33.6

4.0

1.4

Goldsmid

9

32.7

3.5

1.8

St. Peter's and North Laine

10

30.8

3.8

2.0

Patcham

9

29.8

4.0

1.5

Rottingdean Coastal

8

29.5

4.5

1.9

Hangleton and Knoll

10

27.8

3.4

1.5

Hanover and Elm Grove

9

26.7

3.2

1.4

Queen's Park

9

24.8

3.3

1.6

Wish

6

24.0

2.7

1.1

Moulsecoomb and Bevendean

10

22.7

3.1

1.4

Brunswick and Adelaide

6

20.8

2.4

1.2

Westbourne

6

20.7

2.7

1.0

Woodingdean

6

20.4

2.6

1.1

North Portslade

7

20.2

2.1

1.0

Hollingdean and Stanmer

8

19.5

2.7

1.2

Central Hove

6

19.5

2.2

1.2

Regency

6

19.3

2.3

1.4

East Brighton

9

18.9

2.9

1.5

South Portslade

6

18.6

2.3

1.0

Emissions level due to total emissions, gas & electricity use by LSOA (Scenario 1)

Figure 6.1: Emissions level due to total emissions, gas & electricity use by LSOA (Scenario 1)

The table below shows the mean per dwelling value rounded to the nearest £10.

Table 6.2: Mean £ GBP levy per dwelling by source (Scenario 1)

All_emissions

Gas

Electricity

Gas + Electricity

4,425.9

537.1

233.1

770.3

Figure ?? shows the total £k per LSOA and £ per dwelling revenue using BEIS central carbon price plotted against IMD score. The tables show the LSOAs with the highest and lowest values.

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA revenue using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.2: £k per LSOA revenue using BEIS central carbon price 

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA revenue using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.3: £k per LSOA revenue using BEIS central carbon price 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##    1512    3182    3974    4426    5183   10593
Table 6.3: Highest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_allEmissions_levy

msoa_tot_annual_income_2018

E01016983

Brighton and Hove 007C

Hove Park

43.2

10,593.4

56,200

E01016934

Brighton and Hove 010C

Preston Park

42.4

10,396.1

61,900

E01016984

Brighton and Hove 007D

Hove Park

41.3

10,110.8

56,200

E01017001

Brighton and Hove 004C

Withdean

39.5

9,673.8

50,600

E01016981

Brighton and Hove 011A

Hove Park

36.8

9,009.9

58,700

E01016939

Brighton and Hove 010D

Preston Park

36.7

8,979.9

61,900

Table 6.3: Lowest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_allEmissions_levy

msoa_tot_annual_income_2018

E01016942

Brighton and Hove 031C

Queen's Park

6.2

1,511.7

36,900

E01016863

Brighton and Hove 032A

East Brighton

6.2

1,527.4

39,500

E01016868

Brighton and Hove 025E

East Brighton

6.9

1,696.0

31,600

E01016964

Brighton and Hove 027C

St. Peter's and North Laine

7.3

1,798.0

40,200

E01016947

Brighton and Hove 030C

Queen's Park

7.8

1,919.2

35,600

E01016937

Brighton and Hove 014E

Preston Park

8.2

2,018.2

49,800

Figure ?? repeats the analysis but just for gas.

Anything unusual?

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA incurred via gas using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.4: £k per LSOA incurred via gas using BEIS central carbon price 

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA incurred via gas using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.5: £k per LSOA incurred via gas using BEIS central carbon price 

##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   185.5   424.8   519.3   537.1   632.1  1283.5
Table 6.4: Highest emitting LSOAs by £ GBP gas levy

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

gas_T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_gas_levy_perdw

msoa_tot_annual_income_2018

E01016984

Brighton and Hove 007D

Hove Park

5.2

1,283.5

56,200

E01016983

Brighton and Hove 007C

Hove Park

4.7

1,150.9

56,200

E01016981

Brighton and Hove 011A

Hove Park

4.4

1,073.8

58,700

E01017001

Brighton and Hove 004C

Withdean

4.0

986.9

50,600

E01016959

Brighton and Hove 033C

Rottingdean Coastal

3.6

877.9

44,200

E01016999

Brighton and Hove 003D

Withdean

3.6

876.3

47,900

Table 6.4: Lowest emitting LSOAs by £ GBP gas levy

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

gas_T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_gas_levy_perdw

msoa_tot_annual_income_2018

E01016859

Brighton and Hove 028C

Central Hove

1.2

282.7

45,100

E01016955

Brighton and Hove 029E

Regency

1.1

271.6

45,000

E01016874

Brighton and Hove 020B

Goldsmid

1.1

268.1

50,100

E01016871

Brighton and Hove 019B

Goldsmid

1.1

260.6

44,000

E01016877

Brighton and Hove 020E

Goldsmid

1.0

242.7

50,100

E01016942

Brighton and Hove 031C

Queen's Park

0.8

185.5

36,900

Figure ?? repeats the analysis for electricity.

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA incurred via electricity using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.6: £k per LSOA incurred via electricity using BEIS central carbon price 

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA incurred via electricity using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.7: £k per LSOA incurred via electricity using BEIS central carbon price 

##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   148.1   206.3   227.6   233.1   251.1   420.5
Table 6.5: Highest emitting LSOAs by £ GBP electricity levy

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

elec_T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_elec_levy_perdw

msoa_tot_annual_income_2018

E01016983

Brighton and Hove 007C

Hove Park

1.7

420.5

56,200

E01016984

Brighton and Hove 007D

Hove Park

1.6

381.4

56,200

E01033329

Brighton and Hove 027G

St. Peter's and North Laine

1.4

347.9

40,200

E01016981

Brighton and Hove 011A

Hove Park

1.4

335.7

58,700

E01017001

Brighton and Hove 004C

Withdean

1.3

315.5

50,600

E01016899

Brighton and Hove 002B

Hollingdean and Stanmer

1.3

313.1

24,500

Table 6.5: Lowest emitting LSOAs by £ GBP electricity levy

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

elec_T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_elec_levy_perdw

msoa_tot_annual_income_2018

E01016900

Brighton and Hove 008A

Hollingdean and Stanmer

0.7

177.9

30,200

E01016854

Brighton and Hove 029C

Brunswick and Adelaide

0.7

176.5

45,000

E01016949

Brighton and Hove 030E

Queen's Park

0.7

175.5

35,600

E01016890

Brighton and Hove 015A

Hanover and Elm Grove

0.7

175.3

44,000

E01016947

Brighton and Hove 030C

Queen's Park

0.7

171.1

35,600

E01016942

Brighton and Hove 031C

Queen's Park

0.6

148.1

36,900

Figure ?? shows the same analysis for measured energy (elec + gas)

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA incurred via electricity and gas using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.8: £k per LSOA incurred via electricity and gas using BEIS central carbon price 

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
£k per LSOA incurred via electricity and gas using BEIS central carbon price

Figure 6.9: £k per LSOA incurred via electricity and gas using BEIS central carbon price 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   333.6   638.8   748.3   770.3   886.0  1665.0

6.2 Scenario 2: Rising block tariff

Applied to per dwelling values (not LSOA total) - may be methodologically dubious?

Cut at 25%, 50% - so any emissions over 50% get high carbon cost

## Cuts for total per dw
##        0%       25%       50%       75%      100% 
##  6.170404 12.989752 16.222271 21.156716 43.238434
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

Table: (#tab:estimateAnnualLevyScenario2Total)Data summary

Name …[]
Number of rows 165
Number of columns 3
Key NULL
_______________________
Column type frequency:
numeric 3
________________________
Group variables None

Variable type: numeric

skim_variable n_missing complete_rate mean sd p0 p25 p50 p75 p100 hist
V1 0 1 18.06 7.47 6.17 12.99 16.22 21.16 43.24 ▆▇▃▁▁
beis_GBPtotal_sc2_perdw 0 1 3351.65 2458.76 752.79 1584.75 2369.11 4187.66 12291.65 ▇▃▁▁▁
beis_GBPtotal_sc2 0 1 2388081.50 1446173.07 636352.00 1369206.00 1915058.40 2947552.87 7022198.05 ▇▅▂▁▁

Gas cuts:

## Cuts for gas per dw
##        0%       25%       50%       75%      100% 
## 0.7569507 1.7340541 2.1196341 2.5801913 5.2388797
## [1] 44.3265
## Cuts for elec per dw
##        0%       10%       20%       30%       40%       50%       60%       70%       80% 
## 0.6044843 0.7753311 0.8291884 0.8629894 0.9040318 0.9289247 0.9593858 1.0063139 1.0349412 
##       90%      100% 
## 1.1393839 1.7161922
## [1] 19.10937
Table 6.7: Highest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_allEmissions_levy

E01016983

Brighton and Hove 007C

Hove Park

43.2

12,291.6

E01016934

Brighton and Hove 010C

Preston Park

42.4

11,996.1

E01016984

Brighton and Hove 007D

Hove Park

41.3

11,568.7

E01017001

Brighton and Hove 004C

Withdean

39.5

10,914.1

E01016981

Brighton and Hove 011A

Hove Park

36.8

9,919.7

E01016939

Brighton and Hove 010D

Preston Park

36.7

9,874.6

Table 6.7: Lowest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_allEmissions_levy

E01016942

Brighton and Hove 031C

Queen's Park

6.2

752.8

E01016863

Brighton and Hove 032A

East Brighton

6.2

760.6

E01016868

Brighton and Hove 025E

East Brighton

6.9

844.5

E01016964

Brighton and Hove 027C

St. Peter's and North Laine

7.3

895.3

E01016947

Brighton and Hove 030C

Queen's Park

7.8

955.7

E01016937

Brighton and Hove 014E

Preston Park

8.2

1,005.0

Table 6.7: Highest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_gasEmissions_levy

E01016984

Brighton and Hove 007D

Hove Park

5.2

1,450.8

E01016983

Brighton and Hove 007C

Hove Park

4.7

1,252.1

E01016981

Brighton and Hove 011A

Hove Park

4.4

1,136.6

E01017001

Brighton and Hove 004C

Withdean

4.0

1,006.4

E01016959

Brighton and Hove 033C

Rottingdean Coastal

3.6

843.2

E01016999

Brighton and Hove 003D

Withdean

3.6

840.7

Table 6.7: Lowest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_gasEmissions_levy

E01016942

Brighton and Hove 031C

Queen's Park

0.8

92.3

E01016877

Brighton and Hove 020E

Goldsmid

1.0

120.8

E01016871

Brighton and Hove 019B

Goldsmid

1.1

129.8

E01016874

Brighton and Hove 020B

Goldsmid

1.1

133.5

E01016955

Brighton and Hove 029E

Regency

1.1

135.3

E01016859

Brighton and Hove 028C

Central Hove

1.2

140.8

Table 6.7: Highest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_elecEmissions_levy

E01016983

Brighton and Hove 007C

Hove Park

1.7

433.3

E01016984

Brighton and Hove 007D

Hove Park

1.6

374.8

E01033329

Brighton and Hove 027G

St. Peter's and North Laine

1.4

324.6

E01016981

Brighton and Hove 011A

Hove Park

1.4

306.4

E01017001

Brighton and Hove 004C

Withdean

1.3

276.1

E01016899

Brighton and Hove 002B

Hollingdean and Stanmer

1.3

272.5

Table 6.7: Lowest levy LSOAs

LSOA11CD

LSOA01NM

WD18NM

T_CO2e_pdw

GBP_elecEmissions_levy

E01016942

Brighton and Hove 031C

Queen's Park

0.6

73.7

E01016947

Brighton and Hove 030C

Queen's Park

0.7

85.2

E01016890

Brighton and Hove 015A

Hanover and Elm Grove

0.7

87.3

E01016949

Brighton and Hove 030E

Queen's Park

0.7

87.4

E01016854

Brighton and Hove 029C

Brunswick and Adelaide

0.7

87.9

E01016900

Brighton and Hove 008A

Hollingdean and Stanmer

0.7

88.6

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

Table 6.8: Total £m GBP levy by source (Scenario 2)

nLSOAs

All emissions

Gas

Electricity

165

394.0

44.3

19.1

Table 6.8: Total £m GBP levy by source, ordered by highest emitting ward (Scenario 2)

WD20NM

nLSOAs

All emissions

Gas

Electricity

Preston Park

9

36.5

2.7

0.9

Withdean

9

35.4

3.6

1.3

Hove Park

7

34.8

3.9

1.2

Patcham

9

23.8

3.1

1.1

Goldsmid

9

22.6

2.2

1.1

Wish

6

20.9

2.1

0.7

Hangleton and Knoll

10

20.7

2.3

1.0

St. Peter's and North Laine

10

18.7

2.0

1.2

Rottingdean Coastal

8

18.6

3.5

1.4

Hanover and Elm Grove

9

17.3

1.8

0.7

Woodingdean

6

16.2

2.0

0.8

North Portslade

7

15.5

1.2

0.6

Queen's Park

9

15.4

1.8

0.9

Moulsecoomb and Bevendean

10

14.2

1.9

1.0

Westbourne

6

13.9

1.8

0.6

South Portslade

6

13.6

1.5

0.7

Hollingdean and Stanmer

8

13.3

1.7

0.8

Brunswick and Adelaide

6

11.5

1.3

0.7

Central Hove

6

10.4

1.1

0.6

Regency

6

10.3

1.2

0.9

East Brighton

9

10.3

1.5

0.8

Total levy due to all emissions, gas & electricity use by LSOA (Scenario 2)

Figure 6.10: Total levy due to all emissions, gas & electricity use by LSOA (Scenario 2)

The table below shows the mean per dwelling value rounded to the nearest £10.

Table 6.9: Mean £ GBP levy per dwelling by source (Scenario 2)

All_emissions

Gas

Electricity

480.2

369.1

154.7

6.3 Compare scenarios

Figure 6.11 compares the % £ levy under each scenario for all consumption contributed by LSOAs in each IMD decile.

Table 6.10: Compare totals for Scenario 1 & Scenario 2 (£m)

nLSOAs

sum_total_sc1

sum_total_sc2

165

539.0

394.0

Comparing £ levy under each scenario by IMD decile - all consumption emissions

Figure 6.11: Comparing £ levy under each scenario by IMD decile - all consumption emissions 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

Figure 6.12 compares the £ levy under each scenario for all consumption.

## Scale for colour is already present.
## Adding another scale for colour, which will replace the existing scale.
Comparing £ levy under each scenario - all consumption emissions

Figure 6.12: Comparing £ levy under each scenario - all consumption emissions

7 Estimate retofit costs

  • from A-E <- £13,300
  • from F-G <- £26,800

Source: English Housing Survey 2018 Energy Report

Model excludes EPC A, B & C (assumes no need to upgrade)

Adding these back in would increase the cost… obvs

7.1 Impute EPC counts

There are likely to be a range of biases in the EPC sample such as:

  • required for new builds
  • required for rental
  • required for sale
  • required after some retrofit

Check distributions of EPCs against known building stock:

  • Census dwelling type vs EPC dwelling type
  • Census dwelling age (?) vs EPC building age
  • Census main heating type ? vs EPC “mainfuel_mainsgas” “mainfuel_electric” “mainfuel_oil” “mainfuel_coal” “mainfuel_lpg” “mainfuel_biomass”

##  pc_missing_epcs 
##  Min.   : 2.296  
##  1st Qu.:26.975  
##  Median :37.462  
##  Mean   :37.116  
##  3rd Qu.:47.805  
##  Max.   :58.591

These plots suggest:

  • Lots of detached houses missing - especially in lower deprivation areas
  • Lots of semis missing
  • Terrace houses better represented
  • Flats fairly well represented
  • Overall compared to the number of electricity meters, we have about 40% of the EPCs we should have

In order to estimate the LSOA level retrofit costs, we need to impute the EPC counts in each LSOA. We do this using the number of electricity meters as the presumed number of dwellings and the observed % of EPCs in each band for all dwellings with EPCs which is provided by the CREDS data. We simply upweight the EPC counts proportionally so that the total matches the number of electricity meters.

Note that this assumes that if we had EPCs for all dwellings then the % in each band in each LSOA would stay the same. This is quite a bold assumption given what we have seen above but there is currently no way to re-weight them (e.g. to fit the dwelling type counts) with the data we have - we do not know the of EPCs of each Band that come from different dwelling types.

Note to self: this could be done by re-weighting the case level EPC data using Census outcomes at LSOA level - e.g. via IPF

Note that the EPC database is continuously updated so more recent upgrades will not be captured in the data used for this analysis. This means the total retrofit costs are likely to be an over-estimate. The extent of this over-estimate would require the use of an updated (current) EPC data extract and is left for future work.

## N EPCs
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   220.0   334.0   457.0   504.3   653.0  1040.0
## N elec meters
##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   423.0   640.0   736.0   775.5   909.0  1273.0
## [1] 100
## [1] 100

variable

nDwellings

pc

i.nDwellings

i.pc

nDwellings_A

149.41

0.12

12,737.80

0.17

nDwellings_B

6,921.14

5.46

778,932.47

10.59

nDwellings_C

38,319.61

30.24

2,208,676.15

30.04

nDwellings_D

56,040.18

44.23

2,939,176.13

39.98

nDwellings_E

21,603.02

17.05

881,518.85

11.99

nDwellings_F

2,589.00

2.04

502,229.00

6.83

nDwellings_G

1,091.01

0.86

28,665.51

0.39

Correlation between high % EPC F/G or A/B and deprivation?

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

Now we need to convert the % to dwellings using the number of electricity meters (see above).

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

7.2 Estimate costs - sheep dip D to G

Upgrade all D-G:

  • upgrading A-E to ‘acceptable standard’: £13,300
  • upgrading F-G to ‘acceptable standard’: £26,800

Source: estimates of the cost of retrofitting dwellings in different EPC bands ‘to an appropriate standard’ published in a recent English Housing Survey technical report (MHCLG 2018) (see https://journal-buildingscities.org/articles/10.5334/bc.279#T2)

The model does not upgrade A-C as it was assumed that dwellings in the least energy-efficient EPC bands (D–G) would be prioritised and that EPC bands A–C would not be retrofitted since they would already conform to the current UK policy objective of:

“as many homes as possible to achieve EPC band C by 2035 where cost-effective, practical and affordable, and to ensure as many fuel poor homes as reasonably practicable achieve a band C rating by the end of 2030.” https://www.gov.uk/government/news/plan-to-drive-down-the-cost-of-clean-heat

Table 7.1 reports total retofit costs.

## To retrofit D-E (£m)
## [1] 1032.655
## Number of dwellings: 77643
## To retrofit F-G (£m)
## [1] 131.7851
## Number of dwellings: 4917
## To retrofit D-G (£m)
## [1] 1164.44
## To retrofit D-G (mean per dwelling)
## [1] 14042.16
Table 7.1: Retrofit cost totals (£m GBP):

Mean total £m per LSOA

Total £m

7.1

1,164.4

Table 7.1: Retrofit cost totals by ward (£m GBP):

Ward

Mean total £m per LSOA

Total £m

St. Peter's and North Laine

8.0

80.2

Goldsmid

8.4

75.8

Preston Park

8.1

73.2

Hanover and Elm Grove

7.4

66.5

Rottingdean Coastal

8.2

65.7

Queen's Park

7.0

63.1

Withdean

6.9

62.4

Brunswick and Adelaide

10.1

60.7

Regency

10.1

60.3

Patcham

6.5

58.1

Central Hove

9.6

57.7

Hangleton and Knoll

5.2

52.1

Westbourne

8.4

50.5

Moulsecoomb and Bevendean

4.8

48.4

East Brighton

5.2

46.6

Hove Park

6.2

43.4

Wish

7.2

43.3

South Portslade

6.9

41.3

Hollingdean and Stanmer

4.8

38.6

Woodingdean

6.4

38.4

North Portslade

5.4

37.9

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

Figure 7.1 shows the LSOA level retofit costs per dwelling by IMD decile.

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
LSOA level retofit costs per dwelling by IMD score

Figure 7.1: LSOA level retofit costs per dwelling by IMD score 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

Figure 7.2: Total estimated retorfit costs per LSOA

7.2.1 Estimate costs - sheep dip D to G but upgrades in 20% poorest areas funded by HM Gov (somehow)

Set aside areas in IMD decile 1 & 2? Assume costs met by HM Treasury or elsewhere e.g. energy levy etc

to do

8 Compare levy with costs

8.1 Scenario 1

Totals

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

Repeat per dwelling

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

8.2 Scenario 2

Totals

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

Repeat per dwelling

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'

9 Years to pay…

9.1 Scenario 1

Figure 9.1 shows years to pay under Scenario 1 (all emissions)

##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   1.324   2.656   3.505   3.702   4.472   9.299
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Years to pay under Scenario 1 (all em issions)

Figure 9.1: Years to pay under Scenario 1 (all em issions) 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
## Median years: 3.51

Figure 9.2 maps the distribution of years to pay for all LSOAs in the case study.

Figure 9.2: Years to pay per LSOA (Scenbario 1, all emissions levy, no redistribution)

Figure 9.3 shows years to pay under Scenario 1 (energy emissions)

##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   8.759  16.093  18.640  19.408  22.179  41.047
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Years to pay under Scenario 1 (energy emissions)

Figure 9.3: Years to pay under Scenario 1 (energy emissions) 

## Median years: 18.64

Figure 9.4 shows those LSOAs which would be in surplus (above the y = 0 line) after Year 1.

Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (all emissions levy)

Figure 9.4: Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (all emissions levy)

Figure 9.5 shows the same distribution but for the energy emissions levy. Clearly there is a lower level of surplus due to the reduced levy value at LSOA level.

Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (energy levy)

Figure 9.5: Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (energy levy)

What happens in Year 2 totally depends on the rate of upgrades… given the supply chain & capacity issues it’s likely that the levy would build up a substantial ‘headroom’ that could then be spent over time…

Figure 9.6 shows the year 1 outcome at ward level if levy is shared equally across all LSOAs (all emissions levy - orange dots).

Year 1 outcome if levy is shared equally (all emissions levy)

Figure 9.6: Year 1 outcome if levy is shared equally (all emissions levy) 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image
Table 9.1: Longest years to pay under Scenario 1 (sorted by total retrofit cost)

LSOA

LSOA name

Ward

Retrofit cost £m

Years to pay (all emissions levy)

Years to pay (energy emissions levy)

% EPC D

% EPC E

% EPC F

% EPC G

E01016855

Brighton and Hove 026D

Central Hove

12.3

4.2

23.9

51.8

24.2

6.0

1.2

E01016952

Brighton and Hove 027A

Regency

12.0

6.1

20.2

41.5

22.6

6.9

2.9

E01016937

Brighton and Hove 014E

Preston Park

11.8

6.9

23.7

48.3

16.8

2.2

1.0

E01016853

Brighton and Hove 026C

Brunswick and Adelaide

11.8

4.4

23.7

43.9

24.6

4.0

1.2

E01016963

Brighton and Hove 032D

Rottingdean Coastal

11.3

4.3

19.2

44.6

20.9

4.3

1.1

E01016967

Brighton and Hove 024D

St. Peter's and North Laine

11.2

4.2

24.6

44.4

21.3

3.9

1.0

E01016968

Brighton and Hove 024E

St. Peter's and North Laine

10.6

3.7

26.8

49.0

21.9

5.4

1.9

E01016873

Brighton and Hove 019D

Goldsmid

10.5

5.7

26.1

47.1

16.0

3.5

1.7

E01016938

Brighton and Hove 024A

Preston Park

10.4

3.3

22.7

50.2

20.7

3.2

1.9

E01016849

Brighton and Hove 026A

Brunswick and Adelaide

10.4

3.4

20.3

44.8

23.5

5.9

1.5

9.2 Scenario 2

Figure 9.7 shows years to pay under Scenario 2 (all emissions)

##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   1.141   3.344   5.973   6.339   8.864  18.675
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Years to pay under Scenario 2 (all emissions)

Figure 9.7: Years to pay under Scenario 2 (all emissions) 

## Median years: 5.97

Figure 9.8 shows years to pay under Scenario 2 (energy emissions)

##    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
##   7.988  21.643  30.661  32.419  42.305  82.431
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess' and formula = 'y ~ x'
Years to pay under Scenario 2 (energy emissions)

Figure 9.8: Years to pay under Scenario 2 (energy emissions)

Figure 9.9 shows those LSOAs which would be in surplus (above the y = 0 line) after Year 1.

Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (Scenario 2, all emissions levy)

Figure 9.9: Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (Scenario 2, all emissions levy)

Figure 9.10 shows the same distribution for the Scenario 2 energy levy.

Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (Scenario 2, all emissions levy)

Figure 9.10: Surplus £ after year 1 for each LSOA (Scenario 2, all emissions levy)

What happens in Year 2 totally depends on the rate of upgrades…

Figure 9.11 shows the year 1 outcome at ward level if levy is shared equally across all LSOAs (all emissions levy - orange dots).

Year 1 outcome if levy is shared equally (Scenario 2, all emissions levy)

Figure 9.11: Year 1 outcome if levy is shared equally (Scenario 2, all emissions levy) 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image
Table 9.2: Longest years to pay under Scenario 2 (sorted by total retrofit cost)

LSOA

LSOA name

Ward

Retrofit cost £m

Years to pay (all emissions levy)

Years to pay (energy emissions levy)

% EPC D

% EPC E

% EPC F

% EPC G

E01016855

Brighton and Hove 026D

Central Hove

12.3

7.7

47.5

51.8

24.2

6.0

1.2

E01016952

Brighton and Hove 027A

Regency

12.0

12.3

31.0

41.5

22.6

6.9

2.9

E01016937

Brighton and Hove 014E

Preston Park

11.8

13.9

47.6

48.3

16.8

2.2

1.0

E01016853

Brighton and Hove 026C

Brunswick and Adelaide

11.8

8.8

43.8

43.9

24.6

4.0

1.2

E01016963

Brighton and Hove 032D

Rottingdean Coastal

11.3

8.4

31.3

44.6

20.9

4.3

1.1

E01016967

Brighton and Hove 024D

St. Peter's and North Laine

11.2

8.1

48.3

44.4

21.3

3.9

1.0

E01016968

Brighton and Hove 024E

St. Peter's and North Laine

10.6

6.2

53.8

49.0

21.9

5.4

1.9

E01016873

Brighton and Hove 019D

Goldsmid

10.5

11.5

48.5

47.1

16.0

3.5

1.7

E01016938

Brighton and Hove 024A

Preston Park

10.4

5.0

44.9

50.2

20.7

3.2

1.9

E01016849

Brighton and Hove 026A

Brunswick and Adelaide

10.4

5.2

35.2

44.8

23.5

5.9

1.5

9.3 Compare scenarios

Figure 9.12 compares pay-back times for the two scenarios - who does the rising block tariff help?

Comparing pay-back times across scenarios

Figure 9.12: Comparing pay-back times across scenarios 

## Saving 7 x 5 in image

10 Summary: Brighton and Hove

Table 10.1 shows the summary overall levy value results for Brighton and Hove by Scenario.

Table 10.1: Levy total (Year 1 £m GBP): Brighton and Hove

Scenario

nLSOAs

All emissions levy

Gas emissions levy

Electricity emissions levy

Scenario 1

165

539.0

66.1

29.3

Scenario 2

165

394.0

44.3

19.1

Table 10.2 shows the summary overall retrofit cost results for Brighton and Hove.

Table 10.2: Retrofit cost totals (£m GBP): Brighton and Hove

Total retrofit cost £m

Mean total retrofit cost £m per LSOA

1,164.4

7.1

As a reminder:

  • Number of households (Census 2021): 121,388
  • Estimated number of domestic electricity meters (2018): 127,954
  • Estimated number of domestic gas meters (2018): 109,405

The following table (Table 10.3) summarises all results by ward.

Table 10.3: All results by ward (£m GBP, sorted by total retrofit cost):

WD20NM

nLSOAs

All emissions levy (£m, Scenario 1)

Gas emissions levy (£m, Scenario 1)

Electricity emissions levy (£m, Scenario 1)

All emissions levy (£m, Scenario 2)

Gas emissions levy (£m, (Scenario 2)

Electricity emissions levy (£m, Scenario 2)

Total retrofit cost (£m)

Mean total retrofit cost per LSOA (£m)

St. Peter's and North Laine

10

30.8

3.8

2.0

18.7

2.0

1.2

80.2

8.0

Goldsmid

9

32.7

3.5

1.8

22.6

2.2

1.1

75.8

8.4

Preston Park

9

39.7

3.9

1.5

36.5

2.7

0.9

73.2

8.1

Hanover and Elm Grove

9

26.7

3.2

1.4

17.3

1.8

0.7

66.5

7.4

Rottingdean Coastal

8

29.5

4.5

1.9

18.6

3.5

1.4

65.7

8.2

Queen's Park

9

24.8

3.3

1.6

15.4

1.8

0.9

63.1

7.0

Withdean

9

38.9

4.5

1.7

35.4

3.6

1.3

62.4

6.9

Brunswick and Adelaide

6

20.8

2.4

1.2

11.5

1.3

0.7

60.7

10.1

Regency

6

19.3

2.3

1.4

10.3

1.2

0.9

60.3

10.1

Patcham

9

29.8

4.0

1.5

23.8

3.1

1.1

58.1

6.5

Central Hove

6

19.5

2.2

1.2

10.4

1.1

0.6

57.7

9.6

Hangleton and Knoll

10

27.8

3.4

1.5

20.7

2.3

1.0

52.1

5.2

Westbourne

6

20.7

2.7

1.0

13.9

1.8

0.6

50.5

8.4

Moulsecoomb and Bevendean

10

22.7

3.1

1.4

14.2

1.9

1.0

48.4

4.8

East Brighton

9

18.9

2.9

1.5

10.3

1.5

0.8

46.6

5.2

Hove Park

7

33.6

4.0

1.4

34.8

3.9

1.2

43.4

6.2

Wish

6

24.0

2.7

1.1

20.9

2.1

0.7

43.3

7.2

South Portslade

6

18.6

2.3

1.0

13.6

1.5

0.7

41.3

6.9

Hollingdean and Stanmer

8

19.5

2.7

1.2

13.3

1.7

0.8

38.6

4.8

Woodingdean

6

20.4

2.6

1.1

16.2

2.0

0.8

38.4

6.4

North Portslade

7

20.2

2.1

1.0

15.5

1.2

0.6

37.9

5.4

As ever, #YMMV.

11 R environment

11.1 R packages used

  • base R (R Core Team 2016)
  • bookdown (Xie 2016a)
  • data.table (Dowle et al. 2015)
  • flextable (Gohel 2021)
  • ggplot2 (Wickham 2009)
  • here (Müller 2017)
  • knitr (Xie 2016b)
  • leaflet (Cheng, Karambelkar, and Xie 2023)
  • lubridate (Grolemund and Wickham 2011)
  • rmarkdown (Allaire et al. 2018)
  • sf (Pebesma 2018)
  • skimr (Arino de la Rubia et al. 2017)
  • viridisLite (Garnier et al. 2023)

References

Allaire, JJ, Yihui Xie, Jonathan McPherson, Javier Luraschi, Kevin Ushey, Aron Atkins, Hadley Wickham, Joe Cheng, and Winston Chang. 2018. Rmarkdown: Dynamic Documents for r. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rmarkdown.
Arino de la Rubia, Eduardo, Hao Zhu, Shannon Ellis, Elin Waring, and Michael Quinn. 2017. Skimr: Skimr. https://github.com/ropenscilabs/skimr.
Cheng, Joe, Bhaskar Karambelkar, and Yihui Xie. 2023. Leaflet: Create Interactive Web Maps with the JavaScript ’Leaflet’ Library. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=leaflet.
Dowle, M, A Srinivasan, T Short, S Lianoglou with contributions from R Saporta, and E Antonyan. 2015. Data.table: Extension of Data.frame. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=data.table.
Garnier, Simon, Ross, Noam, Rudis, Robert, Camargo, et al. 2023. viridis(Lite) - Colorblind-Friendly Color Maps for r. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4678327.
Gohel, David. 2021. Flextable: Functions for Tabular Reporting. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=flextable.
Grolemund, Garrett, and Hadley Wickham. 2011. “Dates and Times Made Easy with lubridate.” Journal of Statistical Software 40 (3): 1–25. http://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i03/.
Müller, Kirill. 2017. Here: A Simpler Way to Find Your Files. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=here.
Pebesma, Edzer. 2018. “Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data.” The R Journal. https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2018/RJ-2018-009/index.html.
R Core Team. 2016. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
Wickham, Hadley. 2009. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. http://ggplot2.org.
Xie, Yihui. 2016a. Bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown. Boca Raton, Florida: Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://github.com/rstudio/bookdown.
———. 2016b. Knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in r. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=knitr.